Of Love and Other Demons essays

Of Love and Other Demons articles Benedictus qui venit in chosen one veritatis. Favored is he who comes for the sake of truth Abrenuncio de Sa Pereira Cao proclaimed. Truth is the ongoing idea that ties this account of preliminary together. Reality that is being looked for after is reality of the Church and reality of God. To a few, these two facts are not indeed the very same, and to others there can be no partition. The primary conviction arrangement of this South American seaport is Catholicism. Basically every individual is catholic, and on the off chance that they are not, they are excluded from society. The Church and State straightforwardly impact one another. Catholicism is the ruling expert in cases influencing people and society. One case of this is the impact of the Bishop in the network. At the point when the Bishop found out about the embarrassment encompassing Sierva Marã ¬as changes he ventured to make sure the she be placed into a community where she could be restored of her wicked infection. The Bishop was sure that the illness of Sierva Marã ¬a was not rabies, however truth be told, evil presence ownership. It is an inquisitive thing that despite the fact that other clinical signs, for example, the contaminated nibble, were conspicuous, the Bishop didn't think about the clinical side of the sickness. Regardless of whether she did for sure have rabies or not will be not the curr ent issue, yet the way that there was no space for different causes aside from that of devil ownership. Everything was spiritualized and credited to some transgression or devilish outrage. Let us take the case of the Marquiss first spouse. She obviously was a skilled individual with the endowment of music. Individuals of the network said they were enlivened by the lyricism of the Holy Spirit when she played. Nonetheless, when she was slaughtered out of the blue by an electrical jolt, the individuals quickly deciphered this as a judgment of God as a result of a terrifying sin she more likely than not submitted. Society effectively turns on anybody if anyth... <!

Importance of Branding Essay

Presentation Effectively assembling a suitable brand for an organization accomplishes more than simply give an engaging structure, picture and trademark for a customer to see. It gives a worth that which is important to acquire so as to remain serious in many ventures in cutting edge society. This is both legitimate in Business to Consumer (B2C) promoting and Business to Business (B2B) advertising. The methodology and significance of effectively marking ones assistance or item both substantial and immaterial through B2C and B2B are comparative, yet in addition do have key contrasts. In this report, we will examine the upsides of building a solid brand name and picture, dangers, and a few strategies. Relative Literature Brand savants allude to our cutting edge society, (that which key marking is fundamental else one will be confronted with a serious impediment) likewise as a marking world (Sarin). This is expected to there being more than 2.5 million enrolled trademarks in the United States alone (Sarin). With such substantial rivalry, it is crucial that ones organization does everything conceivable to separate themselves. Building a solid brand is an incredible strategy for doing as such. Acquiring an unmistakable brand supported with a positive brand picture settle on purchaser’s choices a lot simpler. It permits a rich measure of data to be given to the client or business delegate before any type of research (Robert Vitale). As much as packaging data for purchaser’s to settle on simpler choices helps organizations increment their business, it additionally keeps the shopper or business delegate from buying an inappropriate decent. Dynamic advertisers expect to prevail at two distinct purposes of a deal: 1-appropriately showcase their item/administration to be at first purchased, 2-have the individual or organization be happy with the worth bought (Robert Vitale). After the subsequent point, almost certainly, the organization has recently increased a rehash, steadfast client. In the event that an individual/organization finds a decent/administration that meets their measures, why hazard buying something different that may not convey? With a conspicuous brand, one can guarantee that each time this buyer looks for a similar item/administration, they will return right. Worth has been made from the item/administration, perceived by the brand, hence making a positive brand picture. Brand picture further sets up a notoriety and as long as that is sure then one can hope to see deals to exponentially increment. Because of additional worth included onto organizations with a built up brand name, there is additional expense. The worth included for the buyer by and large incorporates the consistency of getting a similar item or administration (less hazard) and commonality, at the end of the day, â€Å"the estimation of trust earned between the brand guarantee and the brand experience† (Maruca). One CEO of an electrical business creating copper wire announced t hat he favored brand items due to consistency (Sarin). Consistency is significant for him in light of the fact that the materials bought are then utilized by his organization to make iron bars that they endeavor to have quality behind. In the event that they can't confide in the nature of their provisions, at that point they can't unquestionably deliver their own great. It is an over the top problem for organizations to continually scan for new providers, when one is discovered, it spares a colossal measure of exertion to turn into a recurrent client. A gigantic take maker in India clarified that he would prefer to follow through on the expanded premium cost for a brand item on the grounds that the underlying expense may be high, yet activity expenses and support is lower since the brand items bought accompany client mind and impart a work process soundness (Sarin). Organizations expecting to set up a positive brand picture must give extraordinary client care. It is difficult to assemble a decent notoriety, however it is anything but difficult to pulverize it (Philip Kotler). Planning how to appropriately fabricate a decent picture for ones organization must be predictable. All through all roads of the media an away from of ones organization must be outlined. A legitimate division inside an organization ought to amass to do as such. Brand the board â€Å"establishes a structure deliberately dealing with the arranging, advancement, execution and assessment of brand strategy† (Robert Vitale). Assessment are key instruments expected to guarantee that the executed methodology is really going as arranged. There are two different ways of assessing brand techniques. The first is an examination based assessment. The point of this methodology is to put a money related an incentive on the brand estimated by customer’s practices and perspectives towards the brand itself. Parts of the estimation are: mindfulness, information, commonality , pertinence, fulfillment, and suggestion (Robert Vitale). Second methodology is monetarily determined. This time brand valuation is utilized to rough the estimation of the brand and it depends on emotional decisions of individuals inside the association being referred to. The income stream is assessed then partitioned by those owing to the brand, to the fixed resources, and to other elusive resources. Next there’s an estimation of significant worth for the brand in the market (Robert Vitale). These apparatuses are so significant in light of the fact that without determining the status of ones brand picture, it could conceivable bring a turn down a way in the psyches of the market toward a path the organization wouldn't like to go. It requires some investment to effectively build up a brand since it requires some investment to set up trust and trust in the client (Robert Vitale). Here B2C and B2B promoting vary. Since B2B business is basically so a lot bigger then B2C, increasing a dependable relationship ends up being significantly more testing (Robert Vitale). Clients in B2C collaborations have less to chance while agents of organizations need to guarantee that what they are buying is the standard of value satisfactory for their association. In the event that they bomb it isn't only a misuse of cash, they could confront significantly more radical results, for example, loosing contracts, dropping stocks, speculators, or even the buying delegates employer stability. Obviously the way that buy choices are taken care of change the world over. For example, in South American societies, any sort of significant buying choice sets aside stretched out times of effort to make (John Daniels). Before individuals even start to examine business the first build up a relationship. To them this constructs believe what is fundamental for their lifestyle else they can't serenely move onto exchanges. In B2C collaborations in any case, one can see that numerous buys appear to happen all the more unexpectedly (John Daniels). What this shows us is that is basic to contemplate social contrasts when showcasing into various nations, continually assess how the market sees ones brand, yet never have negate the brand picture, consistency is fundamental or it will have no impact by any means. Conversation I have confidence as far as significance of brand names, there is a monstrous factor what was scarcely examined in any of my sources. Salary is one the biggest, if not the biggest factor affecting purchasing conduct. This would influence B2C business more, however it would even now influence little to medium measured organizations. In the event that they can't manage the cost of the brand name items/benefits then they would get a lesser-known item/administration. This is on the grounds that worth and quality are not equivalent words for one another. Indeed a brand increases the value of an organization, yet that doesn't mean it adds quality to the item/administration. Moreover, I would even venture to differ with enormous organizations demanding to purchase brand names. In the event that anything they ought to have an all around experienced buying division whom can discover providers whom can convey the quality items/administrations required and stay away from the excellent cost what marked organizations bring about. Finally, I likewise saw all through all the scholastic sources I read through for this idea paper, I couldn’t help however understand that there didn't appear to be an enormous enough spotlight on the contrast somewhere in the range of B2C and B2B showcasing. Less the level of speed it takes to prevail upon a clients trust in B2C showcasing, it appeared to myself that advertising in the two roads nearly appeared to be the equivalent. I have to differ with this somewhat. Finally I would need to differ with the mindset I saw in the entirety of the scholastic sources I experienced in respects that marking is useful for everybody. In view of various individuals I have met for a mind-blowing duration, I am certain that there are individuals whom make a special effort NOT to buy brand names (or possibly enormous brand names). They accept that neighborhood business needs the cash and that they ought to be bolstered since they are the organizations that carry genuine culture to the di strict. On these individuals, brand names have the backwards influence Recommendations for additional Research I recommend that more research be completed on the complexity of fulfillment levels of organizations buying brand name items/administrations and ones who find different less known providers. Prior in this paper we examined was of assessing the brand name, there must be another method of assessing fulfillment of buys when all is said in done and finding this distinction ought to carry light to how much brands really matter for B2B showcasing. With respect to B2C advertising, I totally concur that having a brand carries an incentive to the organization and draws in and hold clients, yet I don't accept that it is the equivalent for B2B. Further research on the distinctions of B2B and B2C brand mindfulness would be extraordinary also. While examine the distinctions of B2B and B2C, diving further into procedures of engaging the parts of the market who effectively look for exchange organizations to buy from who don't have a major brand name. Through this think-tanks would have the option to all the more precisely direct promoting endeavors towards the crowd where it makes a difference most, and the best outcome exhibited in a good Return on Investment (ROI). End Corporate marking is essential

Do You Have Mild, Low-Grade Depression

Do You Have Mild, Low-Grade Depression Depression Types Print Do You Have Mild, Low-Grade Depression? By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Carly Snyder, MD on January 25, 2020 facebook twitter linkedin Carly Snyder, MD is a reproductive and perinatal psychiatrist who combines traditional psychiatry with integrative medicine-based treatments.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Carly Snyder, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids Li Kim Goh / E+ / Getty Images In This Article Table of Contents Expand Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Coping View All People with mild, low-grade depression may not even realize they are depressed. In fact, the chronic feelings of sadness and low mood they experience may have been around for so long that they feel normal.?? However, it is not normal to go through life feeling unhappy all of the time. Everyone experiences occasional bouts of low mood in response to sad or stressful life events, but constantly feeling depressed does not have to be the story of your life. Symptoms of Chronic Low-Grade Depression Chronic low-grade depression is a symptom of persistent depressive disorder (PDD), formerly known as dysthymia or dysthymic disorder.?? Dysthymia was previously listed separately from chronic major depression in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, but the disorders have since been combined as of the fifth edition, as no scientifically meaningful difference was found between them. The signs and symptoms of PDD are very similar to major depressive disorder, except that they tend to be milder and are chronic in nature.?? Symptoms of PDD include: FatigueRestlessnessSleep problemsChanges in weight or appetiteLow energy and reduced motivationSadness, tearfulness, frequent cryingFeelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, or guiltTrouble concentrating, focusing, and making decisionsNo longer enjoying things that used to bring pleasureThoughts of death or suicide Overview of Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) Causes As with major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder is also believed to be a multifactorial conditionâ€"meaning they are likely caused by a combination of genetic susceptibility, biochemical imbalance, life stress, and environmental circumstances.?? In about three-quarters of patients with dysthymia, the primary cause of the disorder is not clear. But people with PDD tend to have other complicating factors, such as chronic illness, another psychiatric disorder, or  substance use issues. In these cases, it becomes very difficult to say whether the depression would exist independently of the other condition. In addition, these comorbid conditions often create a vicious cycle wherein each illness makes the other more difficult to treat.?? Diagnosis Like other forms of depression, there isnt really a blood test or brain scan that can be used to make a diagnosis of dysthymic disorder. Instead, doctors must go by the signs that they can observe, as well as any symptoms patients report to them. Doctors and mental health professionals can check to see if a patients symptoms fit into a pattern laid out by the DSM-5, a guidebook for diagnosing mental disorders such as depression.?? With dysthymic disorder, doctors will need to determine if the patients symptoms have been present for an extended period of time (a minimum of two years for adults and one year for children). In addition, they will consider whether the severity of the symptoms is less than what a patient might experience with a major depressive disorder. Doctors will also use blood and urine tests to try to rule out possible medical conditions, such as hypothyroidism, that could cause symptoms like chronic mild depression. Other factors a doctor will consider when making a diagnosis include a patients medical history, as well as whether there is a history of depression in their family. Treatment Persistent depressive disorder responds to many of the same treatments that are used to treat major depression. Antidepressant medications are generally prescribed, with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) being a popular choice.?? In addition,  psychotherapy, also known as talk therapy, can often be quite helpful for people with chronic low-grade depression. Youll have to work with your mental health care provider to develop a treatment plan thats most appropriate for you. Depression Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF Coping There are also several self-care treatments that can help treat chronic mild depression. Here are a few suggestions to keep in mind:?? Eat a varied and nutritious diet.Avoid alcohol and illegal drugs.Find things to do that you enjoy.Get enough sleep and ensure you have a restful sleeping environment.Aim for 30 minutes of moderately-intense exercise most days of the week, and add vigorous exercise if you are able to do so.Seek out people for friends who are positive, supportive, and show that they care about you.Be sure that you are taking your medications correctly. Tell your doctor about any supplements or herbal remedies you take. If you have been diagnosed with dysthymia, but your depression symptoms are getting worse, make sure you talk to your doctor. They will reevaluate your symptoms and adjust your treatment if necessary. The Best Online Resources for Depression

Climate Warming Climate Change - 1974 Words

Samantha Ballard 470 Climate Project Anthropogenic Emissions in the Ocean Anthropogenic emissions affect the atmosphere, ocean, biosphere and cryosphere. These components of the climate system create interactions between each other ranging from a synoptic to microscale including everything in between. Ever since the industrial revolution, human-produced emissions have been changing the world around us. The phenomenon of having greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere is natural and necessary to support life on Earth. However, the buildup of greenhouse gases can change Earth s climate and result in dangerous effects to human health and welfare and to ecosystems. These changes are new to the earth as never in this planet’s terrestrial history has anthropogenic emissions been a factor in changing the natural processes. This change to the earth’s natural environment has been termed â€Å"climate change†. Various research departments in the academic, government and public sector has done extensive research regarding climate change. This includes studying the earth’s paleoclimate, atmospheric composition changes, oceanic changes, biological responses and possible consequences. This research is intended to further the understanding of how the Earth’s climate will be affected with rising anthropogenic emissions. Each of the world’s countries contribute various amounts of both gas and particle emissions to the atmosphere, influencing changes in weather and climate on a dailyShow MoreRelatedClimate Warming And Climate Change1521 Words   |  7 PagesThe earth s climate is generally defined as the average weather over a long period of time. A place or region s climate is determined by both natural and anthropogenic (human-made) factors. As the rapid increase of population of the world the energy requirements of people are also increasing gradually. In the most part of the earth naturally and sometimes people burnt fossil fuels such as (coal, oil, green houses gasses) to meet their energy needs which release carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, waterRead MoreGlobal Warming And Climate Change1398 Words   |  6 Pages Global warming and climate change have been frequent topics of discussion over the past several years. Although people tend to focus on the politics, it is important to look past the media aspects of it into the cold hard facts of what our Earth is currently experiencing, and what has caused it in the first place. The cause of climate change includes natural causes, but human causes are what is generating such a rapid global temperature change. It’s time that the ways in which humanity affectsRead MoreClimate Change And Global Warming1060 Words   |  5 PagesClimate change (Klaus) 1000 The terms â€Å"global warming†, â€Å"climate change† or â€Å"greenhouse effect† have become more than just parts of the popular lexicon as they rather are subject of public discussions, scientific research or political debates. Despite the popularity and the ubiquity of these terms, the public’s theoretical and conceptual understanding of them and their causal relations is often based on superficial knowledge and buzzwords or caricatures outlined and depicted in several popular mediaRead MoreClimate Change and Global Warming1074 Words   |  5 PagesClimate change and Global Warming are out of control. This means that, no matter what policies, processes or actions are implemented, the Earth as we know it will never be the same again. There is significant evidence to support this hypothesis. The dilemma becomes whether we can limit the damage and adapt to a new status quo or not. Rising sea levels and the damage caused by this phenomenon has irreversib le impacts on coastlines worldwide. Damage to sensitive reef systems cannot be fixed. This alsoRead MoreClimate Change Of Global Warming924 Words   |  4 Pages Figure 0.1 shows the different effects of global warming. Global warming is the warming of our planet at an extreme rate. The Earth’s climate has warmed by 7.8OC since 1880. (Quick facts about science, 2015). What causes global warming? The cause of global warming is the carbon dioxide. This acts like a blanket. Protecting the earth, and heating the earth. Sun rays would normally bounce around the earth, but with the blanket, the sun rays heat the blanket which heats the earth. (Petersen ScienceRead MoreClimate Change And Global Warming1022 Words   |  5 PagesWhat = Climate Change Who = Emma, Aoife, Julia, Rachael, Mariah and Cà ©line What is it? Climate Change is a change in the demographic distribution of weather patterns, and related change in oceans, land surfaces and ice sheets, happening over time scales of decades or longer. It’s the world’s greatest threat. Climate change is the change in temperature over a period of time. It involves the greenhouse effect and global warming. Where is it? It is an issue affecting everyone everywhere. ClimateRead MoreClimate Change : Global Warming1194 Words   |  5 PagesDonya Curtis April 19, 2017 English 1001-rough draft Global Warming Global warming is one facet of the broader term climate change. It is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth s surface air and oceans from the mid 20th century and the projected continuation. The Global warming is primarily the consequence of building up greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. Emission rates for most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas, CO2, have increased 120 fold in the past 140 years. WhileRead MoreGlobal Warming And Climate Change1131 Words   |  5 Pagesattribute this to human-caused climate change. During President Obama’s State of the Union address in 2015, he stated that, â€Å"No challenge poses a greater threat to future generations than climate change,† (â€Å"Remarks by the President†). Warming temperatures caused by anthropogenic climate change have disastrous consequences that pose a threat to humanity and the environment. Scientists have given numerous warnings that human-caused, or anthropogenic, climate change is not only occurring now, butRead MoreGlobal Warming And Climate Change1256 Words   |  6 Pagesthe downfall of the Earth’s survival. Those terms are global warming and climate change. Although both terms are used interchangeably by some, they cover two different subjects that go hand in hand. There is extensive research done on both terms, with plenty of scientific evidence proving that both are occurring and are major problems. However, there is still an uncanny amount of people who claim that climate change and global warming is not real, and their reasoning is usually either unscientificRead MoreClimate Change : Global Warming870 Words   |  4 Pagesnothings is what it used to be. Climate is a major factor that is changing. This has been going on for quite some time yet, not taken seriously. Our planet has been much warmer in the past 2 centuries then ever before and scient ist are working frantically to reduce this trend, During winter, we expect low temperatures, longer nights and snow and in the contrary, during summer we expect shorter nights and higher temperatures. As the world expands, everything else changes within it especially our season

Rhetorical Analysis Always Like A Girl Essays - 1720 Words

Jaelyn Romo English 111G Prof. Manley 10/24/14 #LikeAGirl Always â€Å"Like a Girl† commercial was not only a hit in the media world, but a hit to the hearts of many women across the nation. In this commercial Always attempts to reach out and inform Americans of the damage caused to a female’s confidence when they do finally hit that age in their lives where insecurities begin to exist. Positively using their credibility and reputation to target a worldwide issue among woman so that it gains enough awareness to hopefully get fixed. Women working their whole lives to break society’s doubt so that they aren’t classified under another demeaning stereotype when asked, â€Å"What does it mean to do something ‘Like a Girl?’’’. â€Å"Show me what it looks†¦show more content†¦This was just a strategic way for Always to use their reputation and apply it to a cause that needed awareness. Immediately after Always uses a form of contrast with men’s opinions, the commercial follows with comparisons. The documentarian then brings a younger generation of interviewees (little girls) and asks the same exact questions that she asked the women who have been or are going through puberty. As the audience can compare their answers, the confident responses given from the young girls expresses what Greenfield is aiming to convey. â€Å"What does it mean to run like a girl?† â€Å"It means to run as fast as you can.† The writer here then gains the trust of her audience by proving to show that she’s accurate. The statement â€Å"Like a Girl† hasn’t changed, but because of this confidence crisis the way it is interpreted, has. What’s being said in the questions themselves that are being asked, allows the audience to really interpret and understand that this is the expectation that women live up to. Which can be seen in the commercial, is not initially very high. Greenfield uses the young boy and the man in the commercial in a logical way that allows the audience to really see how girls are not only depicted in society, but how women are also portrayed when it comes to a man’s opinion. When the little boy is asked if he just insulted his sister, filming that he was somewhat puzzled and including the take where he fumbled andShow MoreRelatedSymbolic Convergence in Gossip Girl: The Fantasy of the â€Å"In Crowd†1665 Words   |  7 PagesFrom high school girls desperately trying to be one of cool kids in school to corporate warriors rubbing elbows for that next promotion, nearly everyone has fantasized about being a part of the â€Å"in crowd†. What is it that makes the bonds and barriers of â€Å"in crowd† so unbreakable? Through sharing stories and reaching conclusions through discussion of those stories, members of small groups develop a common bond that shapes their social reality. An example of this bond is prominent in the CW’s hit showRead MoreThe Evil Empire1318 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Courtney Professor English 1302 20 September 2013 An Analysis of Ronald Reagan’s â€Å"The Evil Empire.† Ronald Reagan gave a speech in Orlando, Florida on March 8, 1983 called, â€Å"The Evil Empire.† This speech was intended for the ears of all Americans and is one of the best known presidential speeches ever given. In his speech, Reagan uses multiple rhetorical strategies such as; metaphors, allusions, rhetorical questions, tone, pathos, and uses references from the bible. He talks about all theRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Michelle Obamas Speech900 Words   |  4 Pages A Rhetorical Analysis of Michelle Obama’s 2016 DNC Speech At the 2016 Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia, Michelle Obama the first lady at the time, was endorsing the democratic candidate, Hillary Clinton. Using her personal connection with the president and Hillary Clinton, Michelle Obama creates a more personal speech. With her credibility as first lady, use of her family and her platform she lead as first lady, she persuades the audience to spread Hillary Clinton’s campaign messageRead MoreReflection About Reading And Reflection1090 Words   |  5 Pagesthe fall semester of 2017, I noticed the class titled: Introductory College Writing. I instantly rolled my eyes and felt annoyed. Even though English as my favorite subject in high school, my favorite part of English was the reading aspect; I have always loathed the writing portion of English. My expectations in this class was I was going to write about a whole bunch of nonsense and hope to pass. But after participating in this course my expectations were thrown out t he window. Reading became analyzingRead MoreWhy Boys Don t Play With Dolls And The Gender Blur : Where Does Biology End And Society Take1330 Words   |  6 Pagesshown to be sociological rather than biological. Pollitt is an award-winning poet also well known as a liberal essayist and critic. Pollitt s essay ventures to persuade her readers that not only will sexual roles always exist in society, but also, they have always been and will always continue to be hidden in controversy over the source of their origin that is nature or nurture. Pollitt also highlights some of the causes with gender stereotypes, especially in children. Pollitt says that the theRead MoreThe Joy By Zadie Smith Rhetorical Analysis1052 Words   |  5 PagesJoy by Zadie Smith Rhetorical Analysis Many people can confuse joy and pleasure because they are similar or the same thing but author Zadie Smith mentions the differences between joy and pleasure. She explains that sometimes joy can’t be pleasurable at all. She talks about joy as a different type of emotion. Zadie Smith explains to you that pleasure can be more of a temporary feeling that can only satisfy readers at that moment or for a little bit of time. Reading this short story by Smith makesRead MoreNazi Propagand How The Nazi Party Used Propaganda Images And Rhetorical Strategies During The Second Reich1733 Words   |  7 PagesThis analysis of Nazi propaganda will examine how the Nazi Party used propaganda images and rhetorical strategies during the â€Å"Third Reich†. I will examine the propaganda cartoons titled, â€Å"The Rhine and the Ruhr†, â€Å"The Vampire in the Ruhr Area† and â€Å"Jewish Conspiracy Against Europe†. I will use two quotations from Burkes essays, the first being, â€Å"[†¦] whereby the â€Å"Aryan† is elevated above all others by the innate endowment of his blood, while other â€Å"races† in particular Jews and Negroes, are innatelyRead MoreEssay Banksy Was Here: The Invisible Man of Graffiti Art1195 Words   |  5 Pagesmysterious aspects of Banksy and his street art, Author Lauren Collins uses examples of his artwork and different locations where his street art has been seen. She also has quotations from Banksy included about his intent to remain anonymous. The rhetorical situation is a fundamental concept that addresses audience, purpose, author, constraints, and exigence. These different aspects help to support credibility, support and build arguments, and explain or provide evidence. Lauren Collins wrote â€Å"BanksyRead MoreWatching the Watchmen Essay937 Words   |  4 PagesWatching the Watchmen While reading Watchmen with the purpose of textual analysis, there are many different things to consider. Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons took many original approaches to the typical super hero story when formulating this novel. Watchmen is a story about a group of outlawed super heroes in New York City. The story lines and backgrounds of particular characters are shown during the comic, and we see how different these characters are from the stories of typical super heroesRead MoreDishonesty In Catcher In The Rye1184 Words   |  5 PagesRhetorical Analysis: J.D. Salinger’s Catcher in the Rye â€Å"Oh what a tangled web we weave, when first we practice to deceive!†. This line from a poem by Walter Scott, born in the late eighteenth-century, highlights that dishonesty is a gift that keeps on giving. Several decades later, J.D. Salinger published his book Catcher in the Rye, which stars sixteen-year-old Holden Caulfield as he wanders around New York City after leaving school early. Holden is a self-confessed liar, and throughout the

Computer Dynamics Free Essays

I. Computer Dynamics Computer Dynamics is a microcomputer software development company that has a 300-computer network. The company is located in three adjacent five-story buildings in an office park, with about 100 computers in each building. We will write a custom essay sample on Computer Dynamics or any similar topic only for you Order Now The current network is a poorly designed mix of Ethernet and token ring (Ethernet in two buildings and token ring in the other). The networks in all three buildings are heavily overloaded, and the company anticipates significant growth in network traffic. There is currently no network connection among the buildings, but this is one objective in building the new network. Describe the network you would recommend and how it would be configured with the goal of building a new network that will support the company’s needs for the next 3 years with few additional investments. Be sure to include the devices and type of network circuits you would use. You will need to make some assumptions, so be sure to document your assumptions and explain why you have designed the network in this way. Assumptions: The two buildings with Ethernet are wired with at least Cat5e cabling and all wiring is run back to a central closet on each floor to a data switch. To connect the floors in the building a fiber cable is run between the closets to connect them to each other, a chassis based switch with a router module installed, and the local service providers WAN. Rewire the building that has Token Ring to at least Cat5e cabling, Token Ring will not be able to withstand the network load or the anticipated network traffic growth. Install a chassis based switch with router modules installed and fiber ports to connect this building to the newly designed backbone. Chassis switches are robust and scalable; they will survive the demands of the network for the next 3 years. Connect the three building via the chassis switches using fiber from building to building and a dedicated point to point circuit to the service provider’s WAN. This will allow the three buildings to share resources across the network, communicate with each other through the network, and share applications across the network. Install a DHCP server to issue IP addresses to the computers on the company’s networks so they will recognize that they are a part of the same network. How to cite Computer Dynamics, Papers

Report on Marketing Management of Telstra Corporation Limited

Question: Discuss about theMarketing Management of Telstra Corporation Limited. Answer: Introduction Marketing Management is a process that defines overseeing and planning new development for products, advertising, sales and promotion (Cant, M, Strydom, J and Jooste, C, 2009). It means to create an advertising plan and implement the same. The heart of a business lies in its marketing plan (Kotler, P, 2013). Without marketing it becomes difficult for the company to survive in the market, sales may crash and the company may have to stop its business activities (Kotler, P and Keller, K, 2016). This report is based on Telstra Corporation Limited and its Marketing Management Strategies. It is Australias largest telecommunication company. It has an image of a dominant player in the market due to its marketing and branding strategies. In the report it clearly defines the importance of marketing management and the way to implement such marketing strategies. Telstra adopted Defensive marketing to be its management strategy due to which they were able to predict the potential consumers and their wants (Roberts, J, 2005). This strategy is the most effective one as the company was able to establish defensive plans before any other rival industry could do that. Current Market Position of Telstras Telecommunication services The current market position of Telstras products and services is strongly dominating in the market; it is dominating the entire Australian market of telecommunication and holds over 62% market shares by revenue (Lancaster, H and Harpur, P, 2015). The market share of the company is though declining in the broadband sector; still the company has been able to retain its dominance in various other sectors such as in mobile voice and data related segments. Currently, they have invested in network upgrades and are the first launcher of mobile data services. They are the first player in the market for the launch of such services and are easily being able to reap the advantages by performing well and reaching to attract more customers. The services of telecommunication offered by Telstra are based on a robust, ubiquitous and affordable infrastructure that can help the company to move to next stage. We know that the world is very brave in accepting the internet media. The company is leading in the industrial sector by adopting innovation and taking up new business opportunities. Telstra is not only financially strong but also has a well position in the digital and network market. The company is successful in transforming itself into a full service ICT company. It is considered as the most superior service provider in the market. SWOT Analysis of Telstra Corporation Limited Telstras SWOT Analysis provides a strategic plan of the companys business and operations. (Ferrell, O and Hartline, M, 2010). The SWOT analysis gives an overview of the position of the company (Pahl, N and Richter, A, 2009). The view of the companys strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats has been mentioned below: Strengths: Telstra is successful in reducing the labour cost. It has a dominate position in the market because of its high profitability and revenue (Zhao, Fang, 2006). It has no barriers of market entry because the name of the company has earned a good reputation in the market in the past years. This reduces the barriers to entry in a new market. The existing distribution process is an efficient one and customers shows high satisfaction for the services that has been availed through such distribution channels. The company can manage to increase the value of the money of their customers. It has been able to install their website and having stores throughout the globe. Telstra is carrying out many promotional programs and events to maintain the loyalty of the customers to attract more customers. Telstra communications is a strong platform of trained personnel who are successful in delivering the financial base in such a way that the company can meet its long and short term liabilities . The telecommunication services that Telstra provides, ensures sustainability due to the strong values that is integrated in the rules and regulations of the company. Company ensures initiatives in improving their telecommunication services to meet the wide variety needs of the customers. Weaknesses: Telecommunication market is strongly a competitive market in Australia. There are many network providers; it is basically conducting its business activities in a highly competitive market. Telstra has to invest a lot of money in conducting research and developments. The company has set a high price for its services as compared to its rivalry businesses such as Optus and Vodafone. The population residing in capital cities and regional town centres are still not being able to enjoy the 4G services. The marketing strategies of Telstra are totally focusing only the Australian customers. It is necessary to make aggressive moves so that they can broaden their services worldwide. Opportunities: Telstra Corporation Limited positively participates in conducting surveys and tries to develop new opportunities by producing new products and services. The company takes the full advantage of its partner Hutchinson and is trying to make full controls over the 4G services. Due to the advanced services of 3G and 4G, the company is making a huge profit throughout the year. Telstra is managing their 4G services by spreading it to cover almost 80 regions in Australia (Strang, K, 2010). The company has come up with the new advertisement to represent the diversity of its customers. Threats: The major threats faced by Telstra are that in Australia the tax rates keeps changing. It becomes difficult for the company to calculate the amount of tax to be paid. Along with the tax issues there is an increasing rate of interest for the loan availed by the company. Telstra keeps changing the price of the services and products that it offers. This makes the customers confused and they are now making complaints for the same. Telstra is a dominant telecommunication service provider and hence keeps a high cost for their services; this can be a major threat. Although the country is leading in the technology and communication market, the rival companies are not less; they are not so far in achieving the same advantages. Due to the constant economic change in the world the company may require to revise their plans and prices to attract new customers. The company is facing some challenges from the management in the process of recruiting as the managers of Telstra are not being t ransparent adequately. This is a major setback for those people who are interested in making some investment in the shares of the company. As a result of this there is political involvement in the services that company offers. Objectives and Values of Telstra Telstra is experiencing enormous growth and the digital technology is changing the globe. Telstra is the heart of such change as its objective is to help in making this happen by connecting everyone with everything. Telstra works to connect the future for everyone in a brilliant way. Telstras main purpose is to handle the responsibility of creation. It is obvious that the world cannot connect to the brilliant future on its own. It needs delivery and Telstra can bring together the required parts to create it. The company looks forward for a connected future as its aspiration. It is the responsibility of the company to take such things seriously; to fulfil the needs of the customer. The company wants to serve everyone. It is understood by the company that change cannot be possible by choosing only a few customers. Transformation is the result only when enough people can access the technology that ultimately creates economical, social and cultural changes. According to Telstra a purpose is not enough on its own. They need values to express their objectives and what they stand for. The main value of the company is to align everything that they do. The five core values of Telstra is that they want to show the care, work better and collectively, deliver trust, make complex issues into simple and find courage (Telstra.com.au, 2016). These values can be fulfilled by the company only when it willingly takes it as their responsibility and holds desire to learn. The company should have courage to challenge themselves to meet these values. Marketing Strategy of Telstra In order to improve the telecommunication services that company is engaged in providing for the needs of the customer, the company developed a strategy so as to respond to the market needs (Mullin, R, 2006). The company follows a defensive marketing strategy (Roberts, J, 2005). The scientific and technological change in the telecommunication process should be a continuous one. The main strategy related to the pricing, distribution and promotion should be that the cost incurred in delivering telecommunication services to the customers must not exceed the expected returns. The marketing strategy of Telstra Corporation Limited in improving and enhancing their telecommunication services is discussed below. Product: There are mainly three products available under Telstra, such as- broadband, mobile tablets and mobile broadband. The home broadband line is basically called as BigPond. They offer internet connection through ADSL as well as through a cable. As far as mobile broadband is concerned the customers has the option to choose among BigPond post paid services or Telstras pre-paid services. It has four types of tablets with various plans. They are Apple I-Pad, Motrola Xoom, Acer Iconia and Acer Netbook. Price: In Telstra the price varies from one plan to another plan. It totally depends upon the services that the customer wants to avail from them. The company mainly aims at keeping the price of their services comparatively high as compared to its competitors (Brown, A, 1996). There are various plans available by Telstra such as its cheapest plan starts from $29 and the most expensive plan is at $89. The company is trying to cut down its prices to keep customers (Crozier, R, 2010). Place and Distribution: Place is a geographic designation that helps in marketing (Valenzuela, F, 2013). It also means how the product is brought to the knowledge of the customers (Ferraioli, T, 2016).The channels that the company uses to make available the services to the customer helps in lessening the final cost. In order to beat all its competitors the company ensures that their telecommunication services are made available to the entire Australian population. Except for this, Telstra builds more vending machines that can allow an access to the customers to add credit or to pay bills. Promotion: In this type of marketing strategy the company has to tell everything that it does to make the customers attracted towards their product and services (Solomon, M, et al., 2013). Through promotion we send the information about the products and services to the customers. Telstra manages it promotion strategy by rewarding their customers for being so loyal and also avails them a certain amount of discount whenever they use the services offered by the company. The company is making deals with other companies as well to offer contests to attract more customers. Telstra is distributing CD-ROMS in the areas having high traffic to educate and aware the general public regarding their new 3G and 4G plans and improvement in telecommunication services. Communication Mix Strategy of Telstra Communication Mix refers to that specific process used by the company to promote their products and services in the targeted market. It is essential for every business to plan an effective communication mix strategy to achieve the desired goals of the company (Pride, W, et al., 2012). Communication mix includes advertising, sales promotion; direct marketing and public relations, etc (Koekemoer, L and Bird, S, 2004). Through this strategy the company can make aware about the existence of their product and services to the general public who can desire to make use of such offered products and services. It is basically to create attention and awareness among the potential customers. Telstra is not focused on traditional form of advertising for fixed line products and services; rather it believes to spend more in the advertising of new products and services that they offer. Such as, the company firmly believes that advertising telecommunication network will bring more revenue to the company. This is possible as the company monopolizes the landlines and people will still continue to avail services of fixed line services. The company aims at doing so in the future as well to spend more in marketing of new services. This will help in meeting the needs of the emerging market. The promotion in Telstra is generally done through media. For example the promotion of Telstras telecommunication services is done by making the use of humour and celebrities in their advertisements. Electronic billboards are also used by this company along with an advertisement on trams. Company keeps updating their website to advertise their new products. Product bundling is used very often by Telstra to attract more customers so that they can sign up for the products and services at a lower price. Despite of having a strong communication mix strategy, Telstra is not being able to aware the public about the newly features included in their telecommunication services as this is only being advertised through the website of the company. Consumers are not really aware about the uses of such newly developed technologies and their benefits. Benefits of Marketing Management We know that in the present business world it becomes very difficult for the companies to survive in the competitive market (Mudie, P and Pirrie, A, 2012). To maintain stability in the activities and conduct of the business it is essential to know the advantages and importance of marketing management (Walker, O, 2015). It helps Telstra in learning about the behaviour of customers and also helps in deciding the market place. The business will only succeed when the company can manage the motivated customers and offer them useful services. Marketing management helps in determining the ideal customers and their needs and motives (Lovelock, C, 2011). Even if Telstra is offering useful product the company cannot make profits without an effective management strategy. The company should develop an effective promotional strategy to gain competitive advantage over its rival competitors. Interaction with customers is also a part of management plan. Conclusion Telstra is one of the leading telecommunication service providers in Australia and this has been possible only because of competitive strategic plans. The marketing mix strategy of Telstra is strongly an effective one. The company has adopted a market based management system so as to provide better products and services to the customers. The company is trying to make their services available to the entire population of Australia because the company thinks that a transformation is possible when it is available to all. For the company to improve and develop their telecommunication services it becomes essential that efficient tools of marketing are employed. Growth in an organization is must to maintain sustainability in its activities. The company has been able to increase its revenue due to increased sale. We know that all the marketing efforts do not bring profitability but it can contribute in customer retention and loyalty. The company measures the return that is achieved from marketing strategies to relate them to their goals and costs. Advertising plays an important role in making the customers of Telstra aware about the new technological advancements that the company initiates. Due to the commitment made by Telstra the population of Australia can connect themselves with the future projects. The company has a brand marketing program that provides ongoing activations. The aim is to give Australians an experience of how the connected future would be like. The company wants the people to support them to bring a change in the world collectively. References Brown, A. (1996). Reform And Regulation Of Australia Telecommunications, The Economic Society of Australia, pg 38-56. Cant, M, Strydom, J and Jooste, C. (2009). Marketing Management. Juta and Company Ltd. Crozier, R. (2010). [Online]. Testra promises to cut prices to keep customers. Viewed 10 October 2016 from https://www.crn.com.au/news/telstra-promises-to-cut-prices-to-keep-customers-224378 Farraioli, T. (2016). [Online]. What is Marketing Mix? Viewed 10 October 2016 from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/marketing-mix-638.html Ferrell, O and Hartline, M. (2010). Marketing Strategy. Cengage Leraning. Koekemoer, L and Bird, S. (2004). Marketing Communications. Juta and Company Ltd. Kotler, P and Keller, K. (2016). Marketing Management. Pearson. Kotler, P, Keller, K, Ang, S, Leong, S and Tan, C. (2013). Marketing Management: An Asian Perspective, 6/E. Pearson Education South Asia Pte Limited. Lancaster, H and Harpur, P. (2015). [Online]. Australia Telco Company Profiles Telstra, Optus and Vodafone Publication Overview. Viewed 10 October 2016 from https://www.budde.com.au/Research/Australia-Telco-Company-Profiles-Telstra-Optus-and-Vodafone Lovelock, C. (2011). Services Marketing. Pearson Education. Mudie, P and Pirrie, A. (2012). Services Marketing Management. Routledge. Mullin, R. (2006). Creating A Marketing Strategy [Marketing Development]. Engineering Management, pg 40-41. Pahl, N and Richter, A. (2009). SWOT Analysis- Idea Methodology and a Practical Approach. GRIN Verlag. Pride, W, Ferrell, O, Lukas,B, Schembri, S and Niininen, O. (2012). Marketing Principles. Cengage Learning. Roberts, J. (2005). Defensive Marketing How a Strong Incumbent Can Protect Its Position, Harvard Business Review, pg. 150-152. Solomon, M, Hughes, A, Chitty, B, Marshall, G and Stuart E. (2013). Marketing: Real Choices. Pearson Higher Education AU. Strang, K. (2010). Comparing Learning and Knowledge Management Theories in an Australian Telecommunications Practice. Asian Journal of Management Cases, pg 33-54. Telstra.com.au. (2016). [Online]. Purpose Value. Viewed 10 October 2016 from https://www.telstra.com.au/aboutus/our-company/present/purpose-values Valenzuela, F. (2013). Marketing: A Snapshot. Pearson Higher Education AU. Walker, O. (2015). Marketing Strategy: A Decision-Based Approach. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Zhao, Fang. (2006). Entrepreneurship and Innovations in E-Business: An Integrative Perspective. Idea Group Inc.

12 Inspiring Examples of Social Media Content Done Right

As a content marketer, you know it’s important to create quality content, but do you have a clear distribution strategy? As social media is the fastest and most cost-effective content amplification tool, you can’t afford to ignore it. Without a social media plan, your content is going to have a shorter lifespan. But how should you use social channels to promote your brand? For inspiration, we’ve selected six great examples of social media content from brands that are getting it right. Free Actionable Bonus: Free Actionable Bonus: Want to create better content for social media? Get the complete guide to building a social media strategy and creating content for social, plus 6 awesome examples to inspire your next post. How is Content Marketing on Social Media Different? Although there’s some overlap between content marketing and social media marketing, they each have different goals and priorities. Brands use social media for various reasons: to drive web traffic by posting links back to original content to build brand awareness by posting unique content to build customer relationships by interacting with users Unlike other content marketing channels, social media is a more informal setting. Users are more likely to interact with your company, so it’s great for getting direct feedback from customers and increasing brand loyalty. In contrast, content marketing on other channels enables brands to achieve other marketing goals. For example, to build their authority with long blog posts, to generate leads with white papers, or to drive sales with email marketing. Jason Miller, senior content marketing manager at LinkedIn Marketing Solutions, summed it up nicely when he said: â€Å"Social media channels are the tentacles from which your content extends its reach while opening up a direct line of communication with your customers and prospects.† Do you want to up your social media game? Here are six examples of brands doing a great job of social media content marketing: Grammarly: Having Fun to Grab Attention Although Grammarly is spelling and grammar checker, they don’t take themselves too seriously. As well as using blog posts to explain grammar rules, they’re great at using social media to make grammar fun. They often join in the Monday Motivation and Wednesday Wisdom hashtags on Twitter by posting funny and inspirational quotes. Their images overlaid with fun text are a simple but effective way to attract views and promote shares. Tip: Try pairing interesting one-liners or quotes with carefully chosen stock images to show the fun side of your brand. Use bold colors to make posts stand out on the page. Shelter Pet Project: Creating a Unique Voice Searching for families to adopt their cats and dogs, the pet rescue center uses personification and storytelling to make people fall in love with their animals. Their Facebook page is filled with pictures of animals and their stories to build empathy and inspire people to adopt. Using the â€Å"voice† of the animals in their social media posts, they instantly create more powerful messages that their audience will remember. Tip: Whatever you’re selling, there’s an opportunity to create a character or unique voice for your brand. What will your target audience relate to? Think of ways to tell your own product story to build empathy. Cooksmarts: Building Trust with Reviews While many brands display their reviews and case studies on their website, Cooksmarts uses social media. Their Twitter feed is full of genuine customers who have benefited from their meal plan service. By using customer photos and quotes, they add credibility to their business and turn customers into brand ambassadors. Their â€Å"Kitchen Hero† hashtag is a great example of planting positive consumer experiences into tweets. Tip: Ask customers how they’ve benefited from your products or services. Then ask for permission to use their quotes in future social media posts. Cisco: Attracting New Talent with Authenticity For some industries, social media doesn’t seem like the obvious choice for brand promotion. But even technology companies can benefit from its reach. The technology company Cisco even uses Snapchat to reach out to young professionals. To build awareness, Cisco recruited 20 employees from around the world and asked each one to create a Snapchat story about what it’s like to work at the company. By featuring stories from actual employees and using the â€Å"We Are Cisco† hashtag, it managed to connect with future talent across social media. Tip: Use employee-generated content to build authenticity and consumer trust. Worldwide Breast Cancer: Spreading a Message with Fun Imagery Even serious topics can be entertaining. The charity organization Worldwide Breast Cancer created Facebook and Twitter pages to fundraise and spread awareness of breast cancer and its symptoms. The â€Å"Know Your Lemons† hashtag uses fun images to highlight and explain a serious issue. The charity also uses trending news stories to fuel their social media campaign, referencing the infamous â€Å"covfefe† tweet in one Facebook post to highlight their message5. Tip: Use topical news stories in your social media posts to make your brand look more fun and up-to-date. Charmin: Using Humor to Build a Following Even when you sell products like toilet paper, you can still benefit from the power of social media. Charmin uses humor to spread the word about their brand, incorporating holidays and trending news stories into their brand’s messages. Here, they use National Spouses Day to promote their brand with gentle humor. They also use the â€Å"Tweet from the Seat† hashtag to increase brand awareness and engagement by encouraging user-generated content. Tip: You don’t need a glamorous product to run a hashtag campaign. Choose a hashtag that will resonate with your target audience, such as an inside joke. Starbucks: Get in the Holiday Spirit For Christmas 2016, Starbucks released its signature red coffee cups and started a competition on Instagram called â€Å"Red Cup Art.† It asked users to create the best festive art using their cups and share pictures of the results on Instagram using the hashtag #redcupart. The winner would win a years’ worth of free coffee. Tip: Ask your customers for photos using your products and offer a prize for the funniest or most creative entry. Rolex: Drive Engagement with Vivid Imagery Rolex creates beautiful product images and videos for Facebook that reinforce its classic image. The photos are always sleek and minimalist, and the care Rolex takes to create quality content ties in with the brand’s appeal to customers who value its sophisticated image. Tip: Think about how you can use images on Facebook to reinforce your brand’s image. Nike: Social Media as a Support Tool Nike’s Twitter account @NikeSupport is a great example of a company using social media to improve its customer service. Nike always uses friendly and light-hearted language to show they’re an approachable brand, and they always try to respond quickly and politely to customer questions. Tip: Set up a separate Twitter account that is focused on customer service. Mejuri: Highlight Your Customers The jewelry brand created a Pinterest board called â€Å"Styled By You† to encourage customers to send in photos of themselves wearing its jewelry. The user-generated content provided the brand with lots of quality images of their products in the real world. Tip: Create a private Pinterest board with a theme around your brand or your products that is only accessible to your team. Then repin the best user-generated pins to your public board. Barkbox: Using Videos to Connect with Customers The subscription service that delivers dog treats and toys to customers uses Instagram and YouTube to appeal directly to its target audience. They post visual content that their dog-loving customers can relate to and easily share. Tip: Create a series of YouTube videos around a theme that your target audience can really relate to. TOMS: Supporting a Cause Each year, the shoe company raises awareness for children’s health and education using social media. The company offered to donate a pair of shoes to a child in need for everyone who posted a barefoot Instagram photo with the hashtag #withoutshoes. In 2017, the campaign resulted in 27,435 children in 10 countries receiving new shoes. Tip: To gain respect and increase customer loyalty, communicate your company values. You don’t have to go as far as TOMS, but you can find a good cause to align your brand with. Final Thoughts On social media, it’s less about selling products and more about providing entertainment and inspiration. Even if you’re selling â€Å"boring† products, by using humor and generating positive emotions, you can extend the reach of your brand online. These examples prove that you don’t need a large marketing budget to amplify your content and promote your brand’s message. Often, the simplest social media campaigns are the most effective. You just need to find passion in what you do, be creative, and have some fun. If you love the content, the chances are your audience will love it too. Do you need unique content for your business? Constant Content connects you with thousands of professional writers able to create articles, ebooks, product descriptions and other assets to tell your brand story, drive SEO and win sales.

Cancer Nanotechnology Essays

Cancer Nanotechnology Essays Cancer Nanotechnology Essay Cancer Nanotechnology Essay Going small for big Advances Abstract At present there are wide varieties of Technologies, which are vastly being used to analyze biological cells to diagnose diseases and develop methodologies to cure diseases. One such technology is Nanotechnology’. A nanometer is a billionth of a meter. Its difficult to imagine anything so small, but think of something only 1/80,000 the width of a human hair. Ten hydrogen atoms could be laid side-by-side in a single nanometer. Nanotechnology is the creation of useful materials, devices, and systems through the manipulation of matter on this miniscule scale.The emerging field of nanotechnology involves scientists from many different disciplines, including physicists, chemists, engineers, and biologists. Nanotechnology will change the very foundations of cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Nanoscale devices used for treatment of Cancer are based on the constant study of cancer cells and nanotechnology. Nanoscale devices which are smaller than 50 nanometers can easily enter most cells, while those smaller than 20 nanometers can move out of blood vessels as they circulate through the body.Because of their small size, nanoscale devices can readily interact with biomolecules on both the surface of cells and inside of cells. By gaining access to so many areas of the body, they have the potential to detect disease and deliver treatment in ways unimagined before now. Since biological processes that lead to cancer occur at the nanoscale at and inside cells, nanotechnology offers a wealth of tools with new and innovative ways to diagnose and treat cancer. In our paper we design a device that contains sensors, transceivers, motors and a processor, which are made up of biodegradable compound.No more destruction of healthy cells due to harmful toxins and radiations generated through chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Introduction The paper deals with the eradication of cancer cells by providing an efficient method of destroying and curing the cancer so that healthy cells are not affected in any manner. This technology also focuses on a main idea that the patient is not affected by cancer again. The purpose of using the RF signal is to save normal cells. Nanotechnology in this contextNanotechnology refers to the interactions of cellular and molecular components and engineered materials at the most elemental level of biology. This paper emphasizes on the effective utilization of Nanotechnology in the treatment of cancer. What is cancer? Cancer cells are different from healthy cells because they divide more rapidly than healthy cells. In addition, when cells divide at an accelerated rate, they form a mass of tissue called a tumor. These cancerous cells that come in excess amounts cause many problems to the bodies of patients.In general, the most common methods used for the cancer treatment are u Chemotherapy, a treatment with powerful medicines u Radiation therapy, a treatment given through external high-energy rays. Problem Both the treatments mentioned above are harmful. Healthy cells are destroyed in the process. As a result, this leaves the patient very weak, causing him not able to recover quickly to medical treatments. It has been proved that any individual who had cancer can survive on deadly chemotherapy up to a maximum of five years and after that it’s anybody’s guess.Proposed solution The nanodevices can be programmed to destroy affected cells and kill only them, thus ending the problem of destroying any normally functioning cells which are essential to one’s well-being. Thus the treatment-using nanotechnology will make the affected man perfectly normal. Noninvasive access to the interior of a living cell affords the opportunity for unprecedented gains on both clinical and basic research frontiers. Nanotechnology and diagnosticsNanodevices can provide rapid and sensitive detection of cancer-related molecules by enabling scientists to detect molecular changes even when they occur only in a small percentage of cells. Cantilevers Nanoscale cantilevers microscopic, flexible beams resembling a row of diving boards are built using semiconductor lithographic techniques. These can be coated with molecules capable of binding specific substrates-DNA complementary to a specific gene sequence, for example. Such micron-sized devices, comprising many nanometer-sized cantilevers, can detect single molecules of DNA or protein.As a cancer cell secretes its molecular products, the antibodies coated on the cantilever fingers selectively bind to these secreted proteins. These antibodies have been designed to pick up one or more different, specific molecular expressions from a cancer cell. The physical properties of the cantilevers change as a result of the binding event. This change in real time can provide not only information about the presence and the absence but also the concentration of different molecular expressions. Nanoscale cantilevers, thus can provide rapid and sensitive detection of cancer-related molecules.Nanotechnology and Cancer therapy Nanoscale devices have the potential to radically change cancer therapy for the better and to dramatically increase the number of highly effective therapeutic agents. Nanoscale constructs, for example, should serve as customizable, targeted drug delivery vehicles capable of ferrying large doses of chemotherapeutic agents or therapeutic genes into malignant cells while sparing healthy cells, which would greatly reduce or eliminate the often unpalatable side effects that accompany many current cancer therapies. NanoparticlesNanoscale devices have the potential to radically change cancer therapy for the better and to dramatically increase the number of highly effective therapeutic agents. In this example, nanoparticles are targeted to cancer cells for use in the molecular imaging of a malignant lesion. Large numbers of nanoparticles are safely injected into the body and preferentially bind to the cancer cell, defining the anatomical contour of the lesion and making it visible. These nanoparticles give us the ability to see cells and molecules that we otherwise cannot detect through conventional imaging.The ability to pick up what happens in the cell to monitor therapeutic intervention and to see when a cancer cell is mortally wounded or is actually activated is critical to the successful diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Nanoparticulate technology can prove to be very useful in cancer therapy allowing for effective and targeted drug delivery by overcoming the many biological, biophysical and biomedical barriers that the body stages against a standard intervention such as the administration of drugs or contrast agents. Working procedure:The initial step of identifying the cancer and the location can be done by scanning. Once the location has been identified through scanning, the task is to position the nanodevice to the exact location. We focus on the positioning of the nanodevice into the required location by itself. The nanodevice is allowed to be placed into any part of the body (or) the nano device is injected through the blood vessel. The positioning is done with the help of mathematical calculations. External Control signals could be used to avoid mishap or any other errors. The nanodevice is loaded with a microchip.The device is also provided with the compounds concealed so that it is initiated externally through a computer. The nano device contains sensors, motor, gene reader, processor, transceiver, camera and power supply. The location of the cancer cells is given as coordinates in a 3-dimensional point of view. This point is considered as the reference and referred as (0, 0, 0). Positioning The nanodevice performs an internal calculation based on the difference between its current position and the reference. Mathematical computations involve such that only one axis is compared between the nano device and the reference at a time.The motor fan is placed in a particular direction for a particular reference comparison. After one of the axis is completed and comparison is done, then the next axis is being compared followed by the third. Thus the three co-ordinate comparison of the nano-device results in any 3- Dimensional orientation of the nano-device and results in exact positioning. Navigation The output of the mathematical operation is given to a driver circuit (motor). The driver helps the device to navigate through the blood with precision in direction and with the required speed.The device thus should sample its new position with the reference at a sampling rate. The sampling rate is made such that their value is less than the velocity of blood flow. The cancer killer could thus determine that it was located in (say) the big toe. If the objective were to kill a colon cancer, the cancer killer in the big toe would move to the colon and destroy the cancer cells. Very precise control over location of the cancer killers activities could thus be achieved. The cancer killer could readily be reprogrammed to attack different targets using acoustic signals while it was in the body.Algorithm for navigation: Ste11: Marking the co-ordinates. Step2: Initialize the start command. Step3: Feed the axis. Step4: Send command to emit ultrasound. Step5: Wait for T seconds. Step6: If there is no signal reflected back (or) if the reflected signal is less than the threshold value, then activates the stepper motor to rotate through a certain distance. (Note: the distance is proportional to one axis) Step7: Subtract the axis value by one. Step8: Continue from step4 to step7 for both co-ordinates. Step9: If the signal reflected back is greater than the threshold value then the motor is de-activated.Step10: The motor (perpendicular to motor1) is activated. The motor2 moves through one step thus making the motor1 to change the axis. Step11: The motor1 is allowed to travel until next change is required. Step12: Once the nanodevice reaches the required spot, the motor is deactivated through external command. Step13: Receives the RF radiation for T seconds that has been already calculated depending upon the intensity of tumor Imaging With the available technology, a camera is inserted which helps us to monitor the internal process.Whenever multiple directions are there in the blood vessel, the device is made to stop through the external control signal and another signal is given to activate in the right direction. Current clinical ultrasound scanners form images by transmitting pulses of ultrasonic energy along various beam lines in a scanning plane and detecting and displaying the subsequent echo signals. Our imaging is based on the absolute scattering properties and in the frequency dependence of scattering in tissues, which will help to differentiate between normal and abnormal cells. IdentificationThe nano device identifies the cancer cells using a gene reader. A gene reader is a sensor which contains ten to fifty DNA probes or samples of cancer cells that are complementary. The DNA detection system generates an electronic signal whenever a DNA match occurs or when a virus causing cancer is present. Whenever we get a signal indicating the presence of cancer cells we go for further process. Once the device has been originally located, the next step is the destruction of the cancer cells. Destruction: We can remotely control the behavior of DNA using RF energy.An electronic interface to the biomolecule (DNA) can be created. RF magnetic field should be inductively coupled to nanocrystal antenna linked covalently to a DNA molecule. The inductive coupling results to the increase in the local temperature of the bound DNA, allowing the change of state to take place, while leaving molecules surrounding the DNA relatively unaffected. The switching is fully reversible, as dissolved molecules dissipate the heat in less time duration. Thus RF signal generated outside the body can destroy the affected DNA. Rf heatingThe treatment tip contains the essential technology components that transform RF to a volumetric tissue heating source. The heat delivery surface transmits RF energy to the cells. Tumors that have little or no oxygen content (i. e. hypoxia) also have increased resistance to radiofrequency radiation. Thus, due to high resistance to radio frequency radiation the affected cells get heated and hence destroyed. The RF carrier frequency is in the biomedical range (174 216MHz). A pair of RF pulses is transmitted at a frequency of about 1-2Hz. How nano device escapes from immune system?Generally our immune system attacks all the foreign particles entering any part of our body. The problem has been that such nano particles are similar in size to viruses and bacteria, and the body has developed very efficient mechanisms to deal with these invaders. It is known that bacteria with hydrophilic surfaces can avoid being destroyed by immune system and remain circulating in the body for longer periods. To emulate this effect, our nano device can be coated with a polymer such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), Which is proved after the research. Conclusion:As per our aim we have proposed the usage of nanotechnology and the RF signal for the destruction of cancer cells. This method doesn’t affect the healthy cells such that the cancer affected person is healthy after the treatment. This treatment doesn’t involve critical operations. This treatment will not take longer time as in any other treatments. Surely one day or the other cancer treated patient will be affected again treatment. This can be very well used for other dangerous diseases. Name : R. Ramesh College : k. c. g college of technology Email address : [emailprotected] com

SUMMARY Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

SUMMARY - Article Example Opinions may also be contradictory such as those on needs for high-quality social services and lower tax is an example. Public opinions may call for better quality of care but oppose tax increment that is necessary for the improvements. Misinformation is another limitation to governance by public opinion. People either lack facts on issues of moderate facts to suit their values and beliefs and these misinform opinions. Another factor to misinformation is lack of attention to available information. A significant percentage of American students, for example, do not know popular facts as British prime minister. Public opinion may however be valid without knowledge but knowledge of consequences is important. The author concludes by arguing that being informed is a necessity for better ability to solve problems and influence developments in the society. He notes availability of sources of information and advocates for dedication of time to these sources for informed public

OnDemand Group (ODG) Strategic report Assignment

OnDemand Group (ODG) Strategic report - Assignment Example OnDemand Group (ODG) is a medium size British firm, as derived from its employees – about 140, as the relevant criterion is set in the definition of medium enterprises established by the European Union authorities (Europa 2011); the firm has managed to develop a wide network of activities globally, by continuously expanding the range of its activities and by developing important agreements with competitors in foreign markets. Currently, ODG is a member of SeaChange International, a US Corporation, a fact that has enhanced the internationalisation efforts of the organization. In UK, the media and entertainment industry, in which ODG operates is highly developed; in the future, the ability of the firm to face the market pressures, both in the internal and the external market, will be related with the success of the internationalisation process, an initiative developed by the firm’s managers in order to secure the competitiveness of the organization.... This view is based on the foreign direct investment theories which emphasize on the high costs usually related to the internationalisation attempts of modern organizations; it is noted that these costs can be higher from the expected benefits; for this reason, it is suggested that monopolistic advantages are available to firms entering the global market, in order for the deficits caused from high costs – and entry barriers – to be controlled (Krist 2009, p.26). On the other hand, Prashantham (2008) explains the internationalization of firms by referring to their network relations; it is made clear that firms which have an expanded ‘network of customers, suppliers or support agencies worldwide’ (Prashantham 2008, p.34) are most likely to decide entering the global market, based on this network’s support. Certain firms are likely to choose internationalization in order to enter neighbouring countries; these countries, usually, have similar cultural cha racteristics with the country of origin, a fact that facilitates the internationalization process. This mode of internationalization is quite common in Scandinavian firms and it is known as ‘sequential development internationalization model’ (Svetlicic et al. 2003, p.11). At this point, reference should be made to the view of Jones (2009) who noted that the internationalization of a firm should be decided at an early phase of organizational life because in this way the expected benefits can be increased (Jones 2009, p.41). The review of the internationalization efforts of OnDemand Group leads to the assumption that the particular process, which has been in progress almost since the establishment of the organization, has

Lysozyme Enzymes: Purification and Assaying

Lysozyme Enzymes: Purification and Assaying Abstract This lab investigates the purification and assaying of lysozyme using size exclusion chromatography and Bradford protein assay. Micrococcus Lysodeikticus is employed in this lab as the substrate for lysozyme and its enzymatic activities are observed under various pH and substrate concentrations for determining the optimal conditions for lysozyme activity. The highest lysozyme activity was observed at a substrate concentration of 0.4 mg/mL and at an optimum phosphate buffer pH of 7. These optimal conditions were set as standard conditions for assaying the purified fractions for lysozyme activity and for the protein assay. A solution of egg white is used as the source for lysozyme and it is purified using size exclusion chromatography with column Sephadex G-50 that has a fractionation range from 1,500 to 30,000 daltons. Size exclusion chromatography provides purification of lysozyme, however about 64% of its initial yield is lost in the process of purification through the beads. The hi ghest lysozyme activity was observed for fraction # 12 indicating a structural mass range of 15,000da-13,500da for lysozyme. The protein assay indicated a significant concentration of protein in the neighbouring fractions of purified lysozyme, however the exact concentration of lysozyme in albumen remain inconclusive. Introduction Lysozyme is a catalytic enzyme that digests bacterial cell wall and is found in significant amounts in egg whites. Egg white, also known as albumen, is the cytoplasm of the unfertilized egg cell, which consists of approximately 40 different proteins dissolved in water (Lee-Huang et al. 1999). The main proteins in albumen are ovalbumin, ovotransferrin, ovomucoid, globulins, lysozyme, ovomucin, avidin, etc (Lee-Huang et al. 1999). Lysozyme comprises about 3.5 % of the total protein weight in albumen (Lee-Huang et al. 1999) and thus a solution of egg white was used as the source of lysozyme in this lab. The main objective of this lab is to purify lysozyme using size exclusion chromatography for examining its structural properties and concentration in albumen. In this experiment lysozyme is extracted and purified from albumen using size exclusion chromatography. The stationary phase in the column consists of a porous cross linked gel matrix of Sephadex G-50 with a fractionation range of 1,500da to 30,000da. Separation and purification by size exclusion chromatography is based on molecular size i.e. larger molecules elute first with the mobile phase while the smaller molecules get trapped within the beads and elute last (Lodish et al. 2000). The different proteins present in albumen should elute at different fractions due to their varying molecular sizes leading to the purification of lysozyme which has a literature structural mass of 14,400da. It is hypothesized that since lysozyme is a small molecule in comparison to the fractionation range of the Sehadex G-50 coloumn, a significant amount of lysozyme is likely to be trapped or retarded by the resin beads resulting in a low yield. Substrate binding is used as a powerful tool in this experiment where the enzymatic reactions are used for detecting the presence of lysozyme. The structural composition of lysozyme consists of 129 amino acid residues folded into a compact globular structure with a cleft for substrate binding (Berg et al. 2002). When a substrate binds to the cleft, it hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan polysaccharide found in many bacterial cell walls, resulting in the osmotic lyses of the cell (Berg et al. 2002). Gram positive bacteria are more susceptible to the effects lysozyme due to their peptidoglycan cell wall being exposed to the extracellular environment (Lee-Huang et al. 1999). However, gram negative bacteria are less vulnerable to the presence of lysozyme due to their thin layer of peptidoglycan shielded by the outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide (Lee-Huang et al. 1999). In this lab, the gram positive bacteria of Micrococcus Lysodeikticus is used as a substrate for detecting the enzymatic activ ities of lysozyme. The Bradford assay on the other hand is used to estimate the concentration of lysozyme with respect to other major proteins present in albumen. Lysozyme has great research importance since it possesses the capability to lyse gram positive bacteria. Lysozyme, like most of the other biomolecules are not found in nature in its isolated form and this lab investigates one of the most simplest methods for extracting and purifying lysozyme from albumen. Materials and Methods A solution of egg white diluted to  ¼ with 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7 and filtered though glass wool is used as the source for lysozyme (Laboratory Manual. 2007). The solution is put through size exclusion chromatography with G-50 Sephadex column (fractionation range of 1,500-30,000 da) to produce 24 test tubes of equal egg white fractionations of 0.75 mL (Laboratory Manual. 2007). Numerous assays are conducted with varying pH and micrococcus (substrate) concentration to determine the optimal conditions for the highest enzymatic activity of lysozyme. After the collected column fractions and prepared egg white solution were left in the lab for two weeks, the odd numbered test tubes were assayed for lysozyme activity and the even numbered test tubes were assayed for protein at optimal pH. Refer to York University Department of Biology Laboratory Manual Summer 2008, SC/Biol 2020 Cell Biology and Biochemistry Pages 54-57 for a more detailed procedure of the lab. Also refer to the attached flow sheets for a thorough step by step procedure for this lab. Results The addition of micrococcus to a solution of lysozyme results in the rapid decrease in its optical density value due to its enzymatic reactions. Various assays are conducted in this lab to examine various properties of lysozyme. The substrate concentration assay indicated 0.4 mg/mL of micrococcus to be the optimal substrate concentration for lysozyme as it resulted in the highest enzymatic activity of 250 units. The pH assay on the other hand indicated pH 7 to be the ideal pH for the phosphate buffer as it resulted in the high lysozyme activity of 300 units. These observations led us to set 0.4 mg/mL micrococcus and buffer pH of 7 as standard conditions for assaying the size exclusion column fractionations for protein activity. When assaying the odd numbered fractionations for lysozyme activity, fraction # 15 reached the highest enzymatic activity of 900 units specifying the presence of concentrated lysozyme in that fraction of egg white. The neighbouring fractions (#14 and #16) show ed significant protein concentrations of 4.4 mg/mL and 1.6 mg/mL when assayed however the highest protein concentration as observed in fraction # 12 which indicated a protein concentration outside the standard curve range. Upon dilution, the protein concentration of fraction # 12 was calculated to be 9mg/mL. Based on the results, a protein fold of 1.36 was calculated and the results showed a high lysozyme yield loss of about 64%. Calculations: Sample calculation of Micrococcus dilution: Target: 3 ml of 0.4 mg/ml Micrococcus C1V1 = C2V2 (10 mg/ml)(x ml) = (0.4 mg/ml)(3 ml) X = 0.12 ml of Micrococcus 3 ml 0.12 ml = 2.88 ml Therefore, 0.12 ml of Micrococcus and 2.88 ml of Phosphate buffer will be required Sample calculation of total protein in fraction # 15: protein concentration of 0.52 mg/mL Volume in fraction: 0.1 mL Total protein = 0.52mg/mL X 0.1mL = 0.052 mg Sample calculation of Total Enzyme Activity in fraction # 15 Activity = ΔOD x 1min/0.001 Activity = (0.4) x 1min/0.001 Activity = 400 units Sample calculation of Specific Activity for fraction # 15: Enzyme activity of column fraction 15 = 90 units Total protein = 0.052 mg Specific Activity = Enzyme Activity/Total protein Specific Activity = 400 units/( 0.052 mg) Specific Activity = 7692 units/mg protein Sample calculation of initial specific activity of the egg white at 0.3 mg/ml substrate: Specific Activity = Enzyme Activity/Total Protein Specific Activity = 90 units/(4.5 mg/ml x 0.1 ml) Specific Activity = 200 units/ mg protein Calculation of Fold Purification: Fold Purification = Specific Activity of fraction/Specific Activity of egg white Fold Purification = (7692 units/ mg protein) / (200 units/ mg protein) = 38.46 Discussion This lab experiment examines the purification and assaying of egg white lysozyme. Lysozyme is both a protein and an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan (Lodish et al. 2000). It is found in abundant quantities in albumen (egg whites) where it protects the egg embryo from bacterial invasion. Several assays were conducted in this lab experiment and each assay demonstrated a significant property of lysozyme. Enzymes have optimal conditions at which it functions most effectively and it is important that enzymes are studied under optimal conditions for the most accurate results and observations. The substrate concentration assay and pH assay were employed in this experiment to determine the optimal conditions for lysozyme since its enzymatic activity varies with substrate concentration and buffer pH. Appropriate substrate concentration is significant for an enzymatic reaction because a high substrate concentration might outnumber the available active sites on lysozyme while a low substrate concentration will leave vacant binding sites on the lysozyme. This lab proved 0.4 mg/mL of Micrococcus to be the optimal substrate concentration for lysozyme with a high enzymatic activity of 250 units. The determination of the optimal pH at which the substrate-enzyme binding is carried out most efficiently is another important aspect of an enzymatic reaction. An environment too acidic or basic could ca use hindrance for the substrate-enzyme binding and thus result in low lysozyme activity. The phosphate buffer pH assay in this lab proved pH 7 to be the optimal pH at which the enzymatic activities of lysozyme are carried out most efficiently with an enzymatic activity of 300 units. Size exclusion chromatography is used in this experiment for extracting and purifying lysozyme from the mixture of approximately 40 proteins that is present in albumen. Other proteins that are present in significant quantities in egg whites are ovalbumin (66 kDa), ovotransferrin (77.8 kDa), ovomucoid (28 kDa), ovomucin, avidin (18kDa), etc. however none of these proteins share the same molecular mass as lysozyme which has a literature molecular weight of 14.5 kDa (Lee-Huang et al. 1999). This unique mass distinction between the proteins present in albumen allows size exclusion chromatography to be an effective method in purifying lysozyme as its separation method is solely based on molecular mass difference. Specific selection of resin for the column is another important factor in protein purification as the porosity and fractionation range of the column should be focused on the protein being purified. This experiment uses the Sephadex G-50 column for protein purification. The stationary phase of Sephadex G-50, has a bead matrix with a well defined pore size for separating proteins within the fractionation range of 1,500da 30,000da. Sephadex G-50 is well suited for lysozyme purification because lysozyme has a literature molecular mass of 14,400da (Lee-Huang et al. 1999) which falls midway between the column fractionation range. Purification of lysozyme however would come with the cost of obtaining low lysozyme yields. During purification, the larger molecules elute first while the smaller molecules like lysozyme travel through the beads and elute last. This affects the yield of lysozyme as some of its initial mass gets trapped within the gel matrix beads during separation while another small fraction of the initial yield is lost due to the retardation of the lysozyme during the in and out diffusion of the protein from the beads in the matrix (Laboratory Manual. 2007). Thus for a method like size exclusion chromatography, I would predict very low yields. The prediction was proved to be true as the data collected from the experiment demonstrated a low yield of 36%. Thus even though the method of size exclusion chromatography is effective in purifying lysozyme, it comes with the disadvantage of low yield. Micrococcus, the substrate for lysozyme in this experiment, is a gram positive bacteria with an exposed peptidoglycan cell wall (Lee-Huang et al. 1999). Like any other enzymes, lysozyme is very specific about its substrate and the ability of lysozyme to bind to micrococcus and lyse the cell allows us to follow its enzymatic activity through the decrease in optical density detected on the spectrometer. Lysozyme activity assay demonstrated a peak for the highest enzymatic activity at fraction # 15. The peak represents the single protein species of lysozyme because micrococcus can only be digested by lysozyme and no other albumen proteins. Therefore all activities observed for lysozyme assay is due to the presence of lysozyme binding and hydrolyzing the peptidoglycan in the cellular walls of micrococcus. Micrococcus is thus the ideal substrate for this experiment however it also poses some disadvantages as well due to its biohazardous nature. Micrococcus needs to be handled with extra c aution and is to be discarded of appropriately. The lysozyme assay showed the highest specific activity of 900 units in fraction # 15. This indicated that fraction # 15 contained purified lysozyme. Considering the fractionation range of 1,500 30,000 da of the chromatography, and the elusion of a fixed volume into 24 separate test tubes, an estimation of the molecular weight range for fraction # 15 could be made around 15,000 da 13,500 da, a range that covers the literature molecular mass of lysozyme, 14,400 da. Thus, our detection for the fraction of egg white containing purified lysozyme was pretty accurate. The Bradford protein assay was used in this lab to examine the protein concentration of lysozyme with reference to the other proteins present in albumen. Theoretically lysozyme comprises about 3.5% of the total protein mass in albumen (Canà §ado et al. 2007). Even though it is a significant amount, there are other proteins comprising a higher concentration in albumen. The odd fractionations closest to #15 show fair concentrations of protein with # 14 showing a concentration of 4.4 mg/mL and # 15 showing 1.6 mg/mL. In order to get an accurate reading for the lysozyme protein concentration, fraction # 15 would have to be directly assayed instead of its neighbouring fractions. Thus the actual lyoszyme concentration in albumen remains inconclusive. The highest protein peak was observed for fraction # 12 with a protein concentration that went beyond the standard curve range. Upon dilution, the protein concentration of # 12 was determined to be approximately 9 mg/mL. This indicates that a protein that eluted in fraction # 12 is the most concentrated in albumen. Specific activity is defined as the enzyme activity over total amount of protein (Laboratory Manual. 2007). The specific activity of 900 units/mg protein for fraction 15 and the specific activity of the initial egg white solution of 666.66 a fold purification of 1.35(Refer to calculations). The yield of lysozyme after purification was fairly low indicating a high percent of loss. This loss was due to a portion of lysozyme being trapped within the beads of the matrix during purification and another small portion being distorted during in and out diffusion of lysozyme (Laboratory Manual. 2007). The 64% loss in enzyme yield was worth the increase in purity because purifying the enzyme enabled us to estimate its structural mass and protein concentration in albumen. Sources of error in this lab were tried to be kept at its minimal level however there could still be some errors that might have deviated the results slightly. Lysozyme activity was measured by detecting the difference in optical density on a spectrophotometer in a time period of 1 minute. Incorrect readings of the optical density caused by fingerprints/other residue on the test tube surface or reading the incorrect absorbance at an earlier or later time period could have been a major source of error as this lab is dependent on the accuracy of the optical density readings. Other sources of error could be dilution errors as some of the dilution require very minute amounts and pipetting the small amounts with the pipette provided for this lab accurately is very challenging. New researches in the field of biochemistry help expand our knowledge about cell and molecular processes and thus research interest in the unique enzyme of lysozyme is of no exception. It was previously believed that lysozyme was used primarily as a constitutive defense against bacterial pathogens but recent research indicate that in certain species in the animal kingdom the structure of lysozyme is different and the structural difference enables lysozyme to incorporate other useful functions such as digesting bacteria for nutrition (Canà §ado, et al., 2007). Research has also shed light on urinary lysozyme C showing that a combination of urinary lysozyme C with certain RNases can be used to combat HIV-1 (Lodish et al. 2000). Other researches on lysozyme conducted by Lee-Huang et al. found that lysozyme from chicken egg white, human milk and human neutrophils combined with RNase A from bovine pancreas display activity against HIV-1 (Lee-Huang, et al., 1999). These are significant di scoveries that not only broaden our knowledge in biochemistry but also define possible cures for HIV in the future. Conclusion Lysozyme is a widely distributed enzyme in the animal kingdom that lyse bacterial cells to protect organisms from bacterial invasion and this lab demonstrated some of the important characteristics of this unique enzyme. Micrococcus proved to be an ideal substrate for observing lysozyme activity due to its gram positive nature illustrated by its exposed peptidoglycan cell wall, the cleavage target of lysozyme. The substrate concentration assay and pH assay demonstrated how lysozyme is at its peak enzymatic activity at the optimal substrate concentration of 0.4 mg/mL and at a buffer pH of 7. Even though the exact protein concentration of lysozyme in albumen remains inconclusive, the neighbouring fractions assayed for protein concentration provided an estimate that lysozyme is present in significant amounts in egg white in comparison to the other albumen proteins. Even though lysozyme was successfully purified using size exclusion chromatography with Sephadex G-50 column, its purificati on resulted in the loss of lysozyme yield. The column beads trapped and retarded about 64% of the total lysozyme resulting in low yields. Overall this was lab was well engineered to demonstrate how size exclusion chromatography can be used for purification based on molecular mass and how the unique activities of a certain enzyme with its specific substrate can be used to determine the purified fraction that contain the certain enzyme. Needs of the Elderly: A Case Study Needs of the Elderly: A Case Study Introduction We live in an ageing world and Australia is not an exception. In 1901 only 4% of Australians were 65 and older, by 2016 that figure increased to 15.3% and is estimated to rise to 23% by 2041 (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016, Australian Human Rights Commission (AHRC), 2012). The United Nations (UN) principles of ageing, supported by the Australian Government, recognises the rights of all older persons, focusing in areas such as: independence; participation; care; self-fulfilment and dignity (Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW), 2013), but are we doing enough to protect these rights and ensuring our older Australians are not left disadvantaged? This essay looks at the case of Hank, retrenched from his lifelong employer at the age of 62 with future employment prospects bleak. It looks at factors through the life course that effect Hank in his older years and discovers how Social Workers can respond to this demographic to assist them in continuing to fulfil a satisfying life. Key Social, Psychological and Physical Needs As a social worker, it is important to have an understanding of the key social, psychological and physical needs of the client plus any issues that may be present. In this way, a holistic and specific needs assessment can be made that identifies how a client situation affects his needs moving forward (Tanner Harris,2008). Hank was retrenched from his workplace and is having difficulty finding a new job. The jobs he is experienced in are becoming unsuitable due to the onset of arthritis and without formal training, his employment prospects are bleak. There have been many studies linking unemployment with lower levels of well-being, and higher levels of distress, self-doubt and dissatisfaction (VanDerMeer,2014). Being unemployed can be detrimental to ones needs, not only because of lesser income but also due to the effects on psychological and social factors (VanDerMeer,2014). Societal norms and expectations also plays an important role in well-being, being employed helps us to feel w e are conforming to those values and norms (Thompson,2016, VanDerMeer,2014). Mens social identity is often centred around their work and although as a society we are shifting in our view of men being the sole bread winner, for Hanks cohorts, his role as financial provider gave him a sense of pride and sense of identity. Hanks friends, his social group, have remained at work, this puts added stress on Hanks wellbeing, people who are unemployed are better able to cope when others around them are in the same situation (Clark,2003). Human Rights and Legislation Hank, like all Australians, have a universal right to employment regardless of factors such as culture, gender, age and disability (Ife,2012). The Australian Government, through the Australian Human Rights Commission, has agreed to uphold the UN covenants on human rights. Although there is no international covenant in the area of ageing, the Universal Declaration Of Human Rights (1948, art.23) and the International Covenant On Economic, Social And Cultural Rights (1966, p.3,art.6) states that everyone has the right to work and be paid without discrimination, and that protections should be in place against unemployment. Federal legislation in place to uphold Australian Human Rights include the Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 and Age Discrimination Act 1992. In Victoria, workers rights are protected through the Equal Opportunity Act 2010, which includes Age and Disability. Adhering to such rights gives all people a sense of human dignity, a value held by the Australian Asso ciation of Social Workers (AASW) in its code of ethics (2010). These protections should be an advantage to Hank but unfortunately, in reality age discrimination, modernisation and globalisation often make it difficult to apply. Impact of Structural and historical Factors Although ageing happens to us all regardless of race, culture, gender or class, these structural factors, economic and social policies, plus experiences throughout the life course, often have a significant influence on later life (Hughes Heycox,2010). That influence, restrained by economic and social policies, has the ability to limit choices and opportunities that impact on ageing (Bengtson DeLiema,2016). Australias increasing population and its effect on the dependency ratio (the portion of population who are too young or old to work by those of working age), will also have an impact on factors such as housing, medicare, Centrelink, superannuation and age care. If Hank turns 63 in 2017, he was born in 1954, the baby boom generation. The year of birth is not only important in determining Hanks generational cohorts and possible life course experiences, but also in determining his eligibility for services such as the aged pension and superannuation release. The baby boomers were so called due to the raise in babies born during and post world-war II 1943 -1964 (Tolbize,2008). According to Tolbize (2008, p.2), it was an era of prosperity and optimism and bolstered by the sense that they are a special generation capable of changing the world, have equated work with self-worth, contribution and personal fulfillment. Generalising on the typical situation of this generation, Hank and his cohorts would have had a strong sense of work and sacrifice. They believed in loyalty to one employer with success being gained through step-by-step promotion, of paying their dues (Tolbize,2008). Hank was born in the pre-globalisation era where people could more e asily get a job without the need for a university or formal trade education (Phillipson,2009). Hank chose to follow the path of his father, leave school at 16 and start work as a machine operator. He expected, just as his father did, to be in his job for the rest of his working life. However, the recent globalisation of the Australian economy and technological advances, are often reflected in retrenchment of lower skilled workers like Hank and the creation of structural unemployment where unemployment results from shifts in the economy and by factors such as technological advances, making lower-skilled jobs obsolete (Business Council of Australia (BCA),2004, Klehe et.al,2012). Government measures are normally in place to provide assistance in the form of retraining in such situations. For example, when industries such as the car manufacturing, the government purposed other needed industries for retraining such as, ironically, aged care. For older workers, such as Hank, the offer i s often refused. Hanks self-devaluing attitude based on the ageist stereotype of you cant teach an old dog new tricks is often a barrier to changes in ones employment sector. Based on his year of birth, Hank will be eligible for the aged pension at age 66. Since April 1909, when Australia commenced the Invalid and Old Age Pensions Act 1908 for people aged 65, Australias retirement, pension and superannuation policies have become an important factor in the ageing experience. Since then, Australia has made changes to encourage Australians to be more self-sufficient in their retirement, therefore removing the burden of financial assistance from the government. 1915, saw the Income Tax Assessment Act 1915 allowing employers to make contributions on behalf of its employees for superannuation. In 1972 only 32% of Australians where covered by superannuation. In the 80s, the Federal government established policies around superannuation and taxation, this, plus the introduction of superannuation contribution by employers, increased the number of employees covered by Superannuation in 1990 to 64%. In 1992 the superannuation guarantee was implemented, employers were required to contribute to their employees superannuation fund. The amount of contribution progressively increased from 3% to 9% in 2002. In July 2017, the qualifying age for the age pension will increase by 6months every two years until it reaches 67 years of age in 2024 (Parliament of Australia,2010). The impact of government policy in Hanks situation means, that although he will not be eligible for the aged pension until 66, he is eligible to access his superannuation (Australian Department of Human Services (DHS),2017). The Department of Human Services through Centrelink is responsible for income support such as newstart, however in Hanks case, it is unclear if he is eligible for newstart based on his wifes full-time income. Victorian Skills Gateway, which is part of the Victorian Government Department Education and Training (DET) offices help with retraining and job search (DET,2017). Knowing the importance of older workers in the workforce, the government restart program offers incentives for employers to hire people over 50 (DET,2017). They are also looking at reforming structural barriers such as workers compensation, income protection and professional licensing all factors that affect employability of older workers. This is with the hope, that by removing these barriers, will remove negative perceptions of employing older workers (AHRC,2012). Theories of Ageing In the last few decades there has seen the development of many theories on ageing that allow us a better understanding of an older persons world. As a social worker, we can draw upon theories to gain clarity in understanding aspects of the human condition (Tanner Harris,2008, Hughes Heycox,2010). Theory can also enable us to find appropriate approaches to dealing with clients based on their specific needs and situations (Tanner Harris,2008). One of the pioneer theories on ageing, which draw popularity in the 60s through to the mid-seventies is disengagement theory. Disengagement theory, as proposed by Cummings and Henry (1961) states that ageing involves the gradual and inevitable withdrawal of a person from interacting with society. It supposes that this inevitable withdrawal is mutually beneficial, as it sees the transfer of power from the old members of society to the young. According to this theory, to successfully age means a reduction in activity levels and interactions until all activities cease in preparation for death (Hughes Heycox,2010). This enables the young a greater opportunity to become more active in contributing to society, thereby keeping society in balance (Victor,2005). Although Hank did not voluntarily leave the workforce, according to this theory, his retrenchment has set off his path to disengagement. We see this through his discouragement with not finding another job and therefore dropping out o f the job search and isolating himself from his friends. Proponents of this theory, would see this as natural progression for Hank Hank is on natural course leading to the remainder of his life. The problem with this theory in its original form however, is that it doesnt consider social processes and structures that are in place, that may hinder a person such as Hanks ability to engage (Hall Scragg,2012). Critics of this theory say it feeds into the negative stereotypes of ageing, making it seem acceptable and normal for older people to disengage and therefore preventing them from creating circumstances that increase engagement and quality of life (Bengtson DeLiema, 2016). One of its strengths however, is that the development of this theory opened the door to further research, resulting in a clearer view of natural ageing (Bengtson DeLiema,2016). Havighursts (1963) activity theory and Atchleys (1989) continuity theory were both in response to disengagement theory (Carstensen,199 1). Another such modification to disengagement theory was by Streib Schneider (1971), who concluded that disengagement from one sphere of life, does not mean withdrawal from all spheres (Streib Schneider,1971), this made available the idea of new social roles for the aged. As a social worker, applying Streibs version of disengagement activity within disengagement to the case of Hank, Streib emphasis the need for a new role for the retrenched, involving activities that are not mere busy work but should satisfy the social-psychological needs of Hank and be recognised as valid and socially useful pursuits (Streib Schneider,1971). Encouraging Hanks involvement in activities such as the mens shed or volunteer organisations such as meals on wheels or hands on learning (teaching disengaged youths practical skills). These activities differentiate themselves from hobby work because they not only benefit Hank but are also of community benefit. Keeping active in such a way may also lead to renewed encouragement towards employment in other areas. Another challenge to the disengagement perspective is the exchange theory of ageing. This theory draws upon previous works on the social-psychological theory of exchange, and addresses how a decrease in a persons power and status is associated with ageing (Dowd,1975). Dowd presents ageing and social interaction in the image of a cost-benefit model. Dowd reasons that as we age our conduct becomes a burden to ongoing interactions with others. It takes a greater effort to maintain a level of competent contribution, this decreasing competence means those we interact with are getting less benefit in the return they give. The greater the older person is dependent on others, the more they become a burden. Therefore, an older person begins to withdrawal from social life in order to balance the equation of exchange (Lynott Lynott,1996, Bengtson et.al,1997). For Hank, the loss of his job has given him a perceived loss of identity, status and power, not only amongst his social circle as Hanks close friends are still employed, but also within his family. Hank took pride in being the financial support giver for the family but this has been taken away from him, and his wife Jane has had to step up into full-time work. Hank feels he has nothing to offer the workforce or his social circles and therefore has begun to disengage. He is no longer applying for jobs and has withdrawn from contact with people outside his immediate family. The strength of this theory is its power of explanation into the relationship between the costs and rewards within a relationship. It helps us to understand that when we give something to a relationship whether that be employment, friendship, marriage, that to maintain that relationship, we expect something in return (Bengtson et.al,1997). For Hank, this explains his feeling of discouragement, he wants to give but does not feel he has anything to contribute to a work relationship due to his lack of education and decline in physical health this i s also affecting his social network, and family relationship, as he is no longer contributing to the finances. Although this theory is good at explaining relationships on a cost/benefit model, it does not take into account the complexity of relationships and a persons ability to compromise and adapt. It places people in a selfish light willing to give up a relationship if the costs outweigh the benefits. It also doesnt take into account cultural aspects of a relationship and reciprocity of past care or the increased function of older persons assisting the young such as childcare of a grandchild (Poole,2013, Carstensen,1991). Where disengagement theory sees the withdrawal and social isolation of older people as a societal need and of mutual consent, the exchange theory of ageing shows an unequal exchange between older persons and others in society. Disengagement theorists would say the reduction in interaction is fuelled by emotional distancing, whereas exchange looks at the change in dynamics of relationships and interaction (Carstensen,1991). And whilst both theories offer an explanation as to why we decrease in social interaction as we age, both are criticised for their lack of complete empirical data (Carstensen,1991). For Hank, I can see both as factors for his discouragement and disengagement the change in dynamics due to long term job loss has become a trigger for emotional distancing. For a social worker it is important to draw on the knowledge these and other theories gives us in offering a wider understanding of Hanks circumstance, to assist him in moving forward. Challenges and Social Worker Response At 62, Hank hasnt reached what most of us would consider older age, but he is now facing a serious transition point due to the current circumstance of his job loss. Hank is looking ahead at the challenges all Australians face when growing old. Australian society has made significant achievements in the promotion of health and wellbeing of its older citizens. However, our older population still faces many challenges. Some of which include biological and psychological changes general and mental health including dementia care. Other challenges include ageism and social isolation. Ageism can be seen here in discriminatory practices in employment or retrenchment strategies that see people like Hank lose their job or have difficulty in finding new employment (Thompson,2016). Throughout the last century, the Australian government has developed policies, such as those mentioned in previous sections, to enable people to be more self-sufficient in their older years. However, the government fo cus is often on the cost burden of aged care without consideration of protecting human rights, recognising contributions of older Australians and ensuring the needs of social inclusion (Ife,2012, Poole,2013). Although older people may be seen as a burden to society, they actually make substantial contribution. They volunteer an average 4.4hr more a week than working people and are often a valuable source of child-care to their grand-children (Poole,2013). Social work can play an important role in responding to the needs of a client such as Hank by taking a holistic approach to practice. Holistic care means focusing on the whole person, physical, emotional and spiritual, as it relates to their environment. It is taking into consideration a wide range of factors that affect the client (Tanner Harris, 2008). A social worker will consider all aspects involved in their care including, ecological and systems perspectives, legal and ethical matters, plus the biopsychosocial aspects (AASW,2013). The quality of a persons life can be enriched by adding opportunities to thrive under any circumstances. So assisting Hank maintain his independence and to participate to the fullness of his being, is important to his wellbeing and speaks of Hank in terms of his right to dignity and self-fulfilment. As we have seen above,a social worker uses knowledge, theoretical frameworks and models to identifying the best way to approach and discover the clients, strengths, weakness, and opportunities for participation and well-being. It is also important in the case of Hank, to be up-to-date with the latest policies and procedures provided by both State and Federal government. A person-centred approach considers the client as the expert in their own life and able to decide on their own lives path (Tanner Harris, 2008). Thus, encouraging clients within the system to take control and be empowered within their own lives. The effectiveness of this in Hanks case, is it supports the need for collaboration and keeps at the forefront the client and his family, as people with needs and desires, who should always be in control of their own decisions. Social workers also focus on social justice, delving into the inequalities and oppression within society based on such factors as age, gender, class, poverty, race, culture and sexual orientation to become an advocate of change (AASW,2013, Thompson,2016). They can help develop those opportunities through change in policy, social planning and community involvement (Hughes Heycox,2010). This Contributes not only to the individual client, but to the community as a whole. Conclusion With Australias growing older population and the fast-paced technological world of modernisation and globalisation, there are many real cases like Hanks happening every day. It is hoped that any new federal government reforms will assist in helping older Australians maintain active and productive lives, not only for the sake of individual wellbeing but also for the betterment of society. Social workers can have a role to play in policy reform by being strong voice in advocacy for change. Social Workers also have an arsenal of tools to draw upon, to help work collaboratively with the client to assist them in making decisions that have a positive influence on their lives and the lives of those around them. 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